Sound Chart

This chart is a work in progress.

If you know of a sound that is not represented here, please feel free to email me at feedback@rachelsenglish.com and I would be very happy to add it.

The Many Ways a Letter Can Be Pronounced in American English, Alone and in Groupings

LETTER GROUPINGS, SOUND AND EXAMPLE
A a ... 'aa' as in 'bat' ... [] ... exact
a ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] ... father
a ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... about
a ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... base, able
a ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... share
a ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... pirvate
aa ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] ... bazaar, aardvark
ai ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... said
ai ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... aisle
ai ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... maid
ai ... 'aa' as in 'bat' ... [] ... plaid
au ...'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... cause
au ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... gauge
au ... 'aa' as in 'bat' ... [] ... aunt
au ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... chauffeur
ay ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... says
ay ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... pay
augh ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... daughter
aw ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... shawl
ea ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... heat
ea ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... ocean
ea ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... head
ea ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] ... heart
ea ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... great
eau ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... beauty
eau ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... beau
ea[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... learn
oa ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... oat
B silent ...thumb
b ... 'b' as in 'bit' ... [] ...bone
C

c ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... casserole
c ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... cello
ce ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... ice
ce ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... ocean
cc ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... with 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... accent
ch ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... choir, schedule
ch ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... chance
ch ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... machine
chs ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... fuchsia
ci ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... ancient
ci ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... special
ck ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... back
cz ... 't' as in 'time' ... [] with 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... czar (one of two possible pronunciations)
sch ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... schmuck
sc ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... science
sci ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... conscience
tch ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... watch

D

d ... 'd' as in 'dime' ... [] ... dark
d ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... individual
dge ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... judge
dj ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... adjective
ed ... 't' as in 'time' ... [] ... tripped

E

e ... silent ... there
ce ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... ice
ce ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... ocean
dge ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... judge
e ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... shed
e ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... be
e ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... anthem
e ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... pretty
e ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] ... sergeant
e ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... suede, cafe
ea ...'ah' as in 'father' ... [] ... heart
ea ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... heat
ea ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... head
ea ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... ocean
ea ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... great
ea[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... learn
eau ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... beauty
eau ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... beau
ed ... 't' as in 'time' ... [] ... tripped
ee ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... been
ee ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... weep
ee ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... puree
ei ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... receive
ei ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... veil
eig ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... foreign (can also be reduced 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [])
eig ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... reign
eigh ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... weigh
eigh ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... height
eo ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... leopard
eo ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... people
eu ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... feud
eu ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... chauffeur
eu ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... sleuth
ew ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... few
ew ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... blew
ey ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... key
ey ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... they
ie ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... friend
ie ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... brief
ie ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... lie
oe ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... foe
oe ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... does
oe ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... shoe
ue ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... blue
ye ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... bye

F f ... 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... fear
f ... 'v' as in 'van' ... [] ... of
f ... 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... off
G silent ... sign
augh ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... daughter
dge ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... judge
eig ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... foreign (can also be reduced 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [])
eig ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... reign
eigh ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... weigh
eigh ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... height
igh ...'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... sigh
g ... 'g' as in 'gap' ... [] ... go
g ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... gem
ge ... 'dj' as in 'measure' ... [] ... beige
gg ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... exaggerate
ng ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] ... ring
ng ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] with 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... angst
ng ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] with 'g' as in 'gap' ... [] ... anger
ough ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... though
ough ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... thought
ough ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... through
ough ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... bough
ough ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] OR 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... cough
ough ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... enough
H silent ... honor, thyme, rhythm
augh ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... daughter
ch ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... choir
ch ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... chance
ch ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... chartreuse
chs ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... fuchsia
h ... 'h' as in 'hi' ... [] ... happy
igh ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... sigh
eigh ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... weigh
eigh ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... height
ough ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... though
ough ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... thought
ough ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... through
ough ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... bough
ough ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] OR 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... cough
ough ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... enough
ph ... 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... phone
pph ... 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... sapphire
sch ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... schmuck
sh ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... shame
tch ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... watch
th ... 'th' as in 'thin' ... [] ... thanks
th ... 'th' as in 'this' ... [] ... those
I ai ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... said
ai ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... aisle
ai ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... maid
ai ... 'aa' as in 'bat' ... [] ... plaid
ci ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... ancient
ci ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... special
ei ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... receive
ei ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... veil
eig ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... foreign (can also be reduced 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [])
eig ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... reign
eigh ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... weigh
eigh ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... height
i ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... him
i ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... time
i ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... police
i ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... possible
i ... 'aa' as in 'bat' ... [] ... timbre
i ... 'y' as in 'yes' ... [] ... senior
ie ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... friend
ie ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... grieve
ie ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... lie
igh ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... sigh
i[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... bird
oi ... 'oy' as in 'toy' ... [] ... moist
oi ... 'w' as in 'will' ... [] with 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... choir
ui ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... build
ui ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... juice
sci ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... conscience
si ... 'dj' as in 'measure' ... [] ... vision
ti ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... motion
ti ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... mention
J dj ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... adjective
j ... 'j' as in 'jar' ... [] ... joy
j ... 'y' as in 'yes' ... [] ... fjord
j ... 'h' as in 'hi' ... [] ... junta
K silent ... know
ck ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... back
k ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... king
L silent ... palm
l ... 'l' as in 'lap' ... [] ... love
ll ... 'l' as in 'lap' ... [] ... million
M m ... 'm' as in 'map' ... [] ... mine
mm ... 'm' as in 'map' ... [] ... summer
N silent ... autumn
n ... 'n' as in 'nap' ... [] ... name
n ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] ... think
nn ... 'n' as in 'nap' ... [] ... funny
ng ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] ... ring
ng ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] with 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... angst
ng ... 'ng' as in 'sing' ... [] with 'g' as in 'gap' ... [] ... anger
O

eo ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... leopard
eo ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... people
o ... 'w' as in 'will' ... [] with 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... one
o ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... women
o ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] ... body
o ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... do
o ... 'uh' as in 'pull' ... [] ... wolf
o ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... go
o ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... love
o ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... bottom
oa ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... oat
oe ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... foe
oe ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... does
oe ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... shoe
oi ... 'oy' as in 'toy' ... [] ... moist
oi ... 'w' as in 'will' ... [] with 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... choir
oo ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... too
oo ... 'uh' as in 'pull' ... [] ... wood
oo ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... blood
oo ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... brooch
ou ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... you
ou ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... jealous
ou ... 'uh' as in 'pull' ... [] ... could
ou ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... trouble
ou ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... soul
ou ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... round
ou[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... journey
o[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... word
ough ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... though
ough ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... thought
ough ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... through
ough ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... bough
ough ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] OR 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... cough
ough ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... enough
ow ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... cow
ow ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... row
oy ... 'oy' as in 'toy' ... [] ... joy
wo ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... two

P silent ... psychology, pneumonia
p ... 'p' as in 'pit' ... [] ... pear
ph ... 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... phone
pph ... 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... sapphire
Q q ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] ... quiet
R r ... 'r' as in 'run' ... [] ... rat
S silent ... island
chs ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... fuchsia
s ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... some
s ... 'z' as in 'zip' ... [] ... his
s ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... []... sugar
s ... 'dj' as in 'measure' ... [] ... measure
sc ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... science
sch ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... schmuck
sci ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... conscience
si ... 'dj' as in 'measure' ... [] ... vision
sh ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... shame
ss ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... []... issue
ss ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ...miss
ss ... 'z' as in 'zip' ... [] ... possession
T silent ... fasten
t ... 't' as in 'time' ... [] ... tap
t ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... future, righteous
tch ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... watch
th ... 'th' as in 'thin' ... [] ... thanks
th ... 'th' as in 'this' ... [] ... those
ti ... 'sh' as in 'ship' ... [] ... motion
ti ... 'ch' as in 'char' ... [] ... mention
U

silent ... plague (it signals a hard G without being pronounced)
au ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... cause
au ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... gauge
au ... 'aa' as in 'bat' ... [] ... aunt
au ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... chauffeur
augh ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... daughter
eau ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... beauty
eau ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... beau
eu ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... feud
eu ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... chauffeur
eu ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... sleuth
ou ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... trouble
ou ... 'uh' as in 'pull' ... [] ... could
ou ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... you
uu ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... jealous
ou ... ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... soul
ou ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... round
ough ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... though
ough ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... thought
ough ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... through
ough ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... bough
ough ... 'ah' as in 'father' ... [] OR 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... cough
ough ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] with 'f' as in 'fan' ... [] ... enough
ou[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... journey
u ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... autumn
u ... 'uh' as in 'butter' ... [] ... up
u ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... union
u ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... bury
u ... 'uh' as in 'pull' ... [] ... sugar
u ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... flute
u ... 'w' as in 'will' ... [] ... quiet, suite
u ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... minute
ue ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... blue
ui ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... build
ui ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... juice
u[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... burn
uy ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... buy

V v ... 'v' as in 'van' ... [] ... voice
W

silent ... answer, write
aw ... 'aw' as in 'law' ... [] ... shawl
ew ... 'ew' as in 'few' ... [] ... few
ew ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... blew
ow ... 'ow' as in 'now' ... [] ... cow
ow ... 'oh' as in 'no' ... [] ... row
w ... 'w' as in 'will' ... [] ... wise
wo ... 'oo' as in 'boo' ... [] ... two

X x ... 'k' as in 'cap' ... [] with 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... ax, expert
x ... 'z' as in 'zip' ... [] ... xylophone
x ... 'g' as in 'gap' ... [] with 'z' as in 'zip' ... [] ... exhibit
Y ay ... 'eh' as in 'bed' ... [] ... says
ay ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... pay
ey ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... key
ey ... 'ay' as in 'say' ... [] ... they
oy ... 'oy' as in 'toy' ... [] ... joy
uy ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... buy y ... 'ih' as in 'sit' ... [] ... symbol
y ... 'uh' as in 'supply' ... [] ... syringe
y ... 'y' as in 'yes' ... [] ... you
y ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... rhyme, my
y ... 'ee' as in 'she' ... [] ... melody
ye ... 'ai' as in 'buy' ... [] ... bye
y[r] ... 'ur' as in 'her' ... [] ... myrtle
Z cz ... 't' as in 'time' ... [] with 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... czar (one of two possible pronunciations)
z ... 'z' as in 'zip' ... [] ... lazy
z ... 'dj' as in 'measure' ... [] ... azure
z ... 't' as in 'time' ... [] with 's' as in 'sip' ... [] .. Nazi
z ... 's' as in 'sip' ... [] ... ritz
zz ... 'z' as in 'zip' ... [] ... buzz